8. Two closely-coiled helical springs 'A' and 'B' are equal in all respects but the number of turns of spring 'A' is double that of spring 'B'. The stiffness of spring 'A' will be __________ that of spring 'B'.
9. When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces, acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off across the section, the stress and strain induced is