3. The heat absorbed or rejected by the working substance is given by (where ds = Increase or decrease of entropy, T = Absolute temperature, and dQ = Heat absorbed or rejected)
5. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a gas through one degree at constant pressure is called specific heat at constant pressure.
8. The root mean square velocity of the gas molecules is given by (where k = Boltzmann's constant, T = Absolute temperature, and m = Mass of one molecule of a gas)