Statements:

1. The car manufacturing companies have recently increased the prices of mid-sized cars.
2. The Government recently increased the duty on mid-sized cars.

As the district administration has conducted extensive training programme for the workers involved in the literacy drive, therefore, the literacy in the district has been increasing for the last four years.

Both the statements are effects of some common cause.

Both the statements I and II are the effects of some common cause.

Since the government has reduced the procurement price of Kharif crops starting from the last months to the next six months, therefore, the farmers have decided against selling their Kharif crops to the Government agencies.

As, police resorted to lathi-charge to disperse the unlawful gathering of large number of people, the citizens forum called a general strike against the police atrocities.

Since in the past the result was declared late by university, it has decided to conduct the examination in March/April in order to announce the result at proper time.

Because due to hike of taxes last year the State Government has announced special tax package the new industries to be set up in the State.

Since the Government has allowed private airline companies in India to operate to overseas, so the national air carrier has increased its flights to overseas destinations.

Since the Government has imported large quantities of sugar as per trade agreement with other countries, therefore, the prices of the sugar in the domestic market have fallen sharply in the recent months.

Both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes. Because spreading malaria or to be suffering from malaria may be due to mosquitoes or dirtiness. But the decision of private medical practitioners to close the clinics may be due to other causes.