First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type).
Some flowers are roses. ? All roses are yellow.
I + A ? I-type of Conclusion "Some flowers are yellow."
Conclusion I is the Implication of the first Premise.
First Premise is Universal Negative (E?type).
Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A?type).
No pencil is eraser. ? All erasers are sharpeners.
E + A ? O1 ? type of Conclusion. "Some sharpeners are not pencils."
Venn diagrams
Therefore, neither Conclusion I nor Conclusion II follows.
First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type).
Second Premise is Universal Negative (E-type).
All fish are tortoise. ? No tortoise is a crocodile.
A + E ? E - type of Conclusion "No fish is a crocodile".
This is Conclusion II.
Conclusion I is Converse of it.
Some clerks (not all) are poor and A is poor.
Therefore, it is not certain that A is a clerk. Thus, neither Conclusion I nor Conclusion II follows.
No teacher comes to the school on a bicycle. Therefore, Anand cannot be a teacher. Anand is either student or clerical staff. Therefore, only Conclusion I follows.
First Premise is Particular Affirmative (I?type).
Second Premise is Universal Negative (E?type).
Some boys are men. ? No men is black.
I + E ? O ? type of Conclusion "Some boys are not black."
This is Conclusion I.
Conclusion II is the Converse of the first Premise.
Thus, both the Conclusions follow.
All intelligent people are creative. It implies that some creative people are intelligent. This is Conclusion I Conclusion II is the same as the statement.
Venn diagram:
Both the Premises are Universal Affirmative (A?type).
All cycles are ducks. ? All ducks are swans.
A + A ? A?type of Conclusion "All cycles are swans."
Conclusion II is the Converse of it.
First and third Premises are Particular Affirmative (I-type).
Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type).
Some books are novels. ? All novels are magazines.
I + A ? I-type of Conclusion. "Some books are magazines."
It is Conclusion II.
Conclusions I and IV form Complementary Pair. Therefore, either Conclusion I or IV follows.
Some blue is red and All red is green. Therefore, some blue is green.
Clearly, no black is yellow. Thus, only Conclusions I and II follow.
Some buses are four-wheelers. ? All four-wheelers are vans.
I + A ? I-type of Conclusion. "Some buses are vans".
This is Conclusion II.
Conclusion I is Converse of this Conclusion.
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