All pots are rings + All rings are paints = A + A = A = All pots are paints ? conversion ? Some paints are pots (I) Hence I follows. All bangles are rings + All rings are paints = A + A = A = All bangles are paints ? implication ? Some bangles are paints (I) Hence II follows.
All goats are flowers + No flower is branch = 1 + A = E = E = No goat is branch + Some branches are roots = E + 1 = 0* = Some roots are not goats. Hence neither I nor II definitely follows However, since the two from a complementary I - E pair, either of two must follow.
First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type).
Second Premise is Particular Affirmative (I-type).
All trees are leaves. ? Some leaves are fruits.
A + I ? No Conclusion
Conclusion II is Converse of the first Premise.
Both the Premises are Particular Affirmative (I-type).
No Conclusion follows from the two Particular Premises.
Conclusion II is the Converse of the first Premise.
First Premise is the Particular Affirmative (I-type).
Second Premise is the Universal Affirmative (A-type).
All the pencils are pens. ? Some pens are papers.
A + I ? No Conclusion
Conclusion I is the Converse of the second Premise.
Conclusion II is the Converse of the first Premise.
First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A?type).
Second Premise is Particular Affirmative (I?type).
All apples are oranges. ? Some oranges are papayas.
A+I ? No Conclusion
All paintings are photographs + Some photographs are designs = A + I = No conclusion Hence I does not follow. Some photographs are designs + Some designs are movies = I + I = No conclusion Hence II does not follows.
Some syrups are medicines + All medicine are powder = I + A + I = Some syrups are powders.
Hence I follow. Some tablets are capsules + All capsules are syrups = I + A + I = Some tablets are syrups ? conversion ? Some syrups are tablets (I). Hence II follows.
All benches are cots (A) ? conversion ? Some cots are benches (I) Hence follows. No cot is lamp + Some lamps are candles = I + E = O* = Some candles are not cots Hence II does not follow.
All dogs are goats + All goats are walls = A + A = A = All dogs are walls. (I) Hence I follows. Some cats are dogs + All dogs are walls = 1 + A = I = Some cats are wall ? conversion ? Some walls are cats. (I) Hence II follows.
Some sofas are benches + Some benches are tables = I + I = No conclusion. Hence I and II do not follow by combination. However, since they make a complementary E-I pair, either of the two must follow.
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