All hens are cocks. (A) ? No cock is black. (E)
A + E ? E- type of conclusion "No hen is black."
This is Conclusion II.
The given statements can be illustrated as:
First Premise is Particular Affirmative (I-type).
Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type).
Some teachers are students. ? All students are girls.
I + A ? I-type of Conclusion "Some teachers are girls".
Conclusion II is Converse of it.
Conclusion III is Converse of the second Premise.
All the three statements are Universal Affirmative (A-type).
All books are boxes. ? All boxes are pens.
A + A ? A-type of Conclusion "All books are pens."
Conclusion III is Converse of it.
All books are pens. ?All pens are papers.
A + A ? A-type of Conclusion "All books are papers."
This is Conclusion II.
Conclusion I is Converse of it.
All boxes are pens. ? All pens are papers.
A + A ? A-type of Conclusion "All boxes are papers."
Both the Premises are Universal Affirmative (A-type).
All dogs are books. ? All books are pictures.
A + A ? A-type of Conclusion "All dogs are pictures."
This is Conclusion I.
Conclusion IV is Converse of the second Premise.
First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type).
Second Premise is Universal Negative (E-type).
All frogs are tortoises. ? No tortoise is a crocodile.
A + E ? E-type of Conclusion "No frog is a crocodile".
This is Conclusion II.
Conclusion I is Converse of this Conclusion.
The given statement can be shown by the following diagram :
Only Conclusion I follows. As all English movies are violent, the people who like watching English movies like violence. But it is not necessary that all people who like violence watch English movies.
Both the Premises are Universal Affirmative (A-type).
All cupboards are watches. ? All watches are costly.
A + A ? A-type of Conclusion "All cupboards are costly."
This is Conclusion I.
Conclusion II is converse of it.
First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A&type).
Second Premise can be written in the form of Universal Negative (E-type) as
No sweet thing is good for health
All fruits are sweet. ? No sweet thing is good for health.
A + E ? E?type of Conclusion "No fruit is good for health".
Thus both the Conclusions follow.
(i) All pens are papers ? Universal Affirmative (A-type).
(ii) Some houses are lakes ? Particular Affirmative (I-type).
(iii) No eraser is paper ? Universal Negative (E-type).
(iv) Some erasers are not papers ? Particular Negative (O-type).
All pens are papers. ? No paper is an eraser.
A + E ? E-type of Conclusion. "No pen is an eraser".
Conclusion I is Converse of it.
Conclusion II is Converse of the first Premise.
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