Roughly the time required for microwave cooking as compared to conventional cooking is

PIN diode is not used in oscillators.

A PIN diode has an intrinsic (i) layer between p and n layers. When reverse bias is applied depletion layers are formed at p-i and i-n junctions.

The effective/width of depletion layer increases by the width of i layer. It can be used as a voltage controlled attenuator.

At high frequencies the rectification effect ceases and impedance of diode is effectively that of i layer.

This impedance varies with the applied bias. It is used in high frequency switching circuits, limiters, modulators etc.

The quantities required to be measured in microwave circuits are frequency, power and impedance.

Microwave frequency measurement is done by slotted line, resonant cavities and transfer oscillator.

Microwave power measurement uses bolometers and micromave power meters.

A self balancing bridge working on the principle of power substitution is commomly used.

Microwave impedance measurement is done by measurement of reflection coefficient and VSWR.

A slotted line and probe is a basic tool for these measurements.' Network analyser enables rapid impedance measurement over a broad frequency range.

Power handling capacity ? (voltage)² and is inversely proportional to f² max.

A balun gives 4 : 1 impedance transformation.

Coplanar arms are decoupled.

Z₀₁ provides series inductances and teflon filled low impedance line Z₀₂ provides shunt capacitance.

1 x 10^-6 x 1000 = 0.001.

It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.

Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.

It operates on the principle of positive feed back.

The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to resonator cavity.

This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:

1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz

2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W

3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %

Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for microwave measurements in laboratories etc.