Reason (R): Line loading means addition of inductance to satisfy the condition L = RC/G.
The stray capacitances and inductances become important and affect the operation of the circuit.
At low frequencies the transit time between cathode and anode is a small fraction of period of oscillation.
However, at microwave frequencies this transit time becomes comparable to time period of oscillations.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the glass tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and retarding field for the other half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is called velocity modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect converts velocity modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity klystron one or more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
A multicavity klystron is used in UHF TV transmitters, Radar transmitter and satellite communication.
IF (JCOKE - 3 * LPEPSI) 5, 6, 7
5 JCOKE = JCOKE + 5
6 JCOKE = JCOKE + 8
7 JCOKE = JCOKE + 11
The value of JCOKE after the execution of above statement will be
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.
⟹ m = k. 2. 8j2 = 4k. j
Z = 20 - j10 + j2 + j6 + 2.4kj - 2j + 8kj = 0 at resonance
⟹ -2 = -8k
k = 1/4 ⟹ 0.25 .
List I | List II | ||
---|---|---|---|
A. | hie | 1. | siemens |
B. | hoe | 2. | no units |
C. | hfe | 3. | ohms |
List I | List II | ||
---|---|---|---|
A. | ![]() |
1. | a constant |
B. | e-j? | 2. | exponential function |
C. | ![]() |
3. | t multiplied exponential function |
D. | k ?(?) | 4. | rectangular pulse |
5. | impulse function |
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