Reason (R): A quarter wave transformer is a transmission line of quarter wave length.
If
A quarter wave line can match a source impedance Zin with load impedance ZL by selecting a proper value of Z0 so as to satisfy equation.
Such a line is also called transformer.
Reason (R): If the conductors of a line are immersed in a non magnetic insulating liquid, the wave velocity increases.
Reason (R): A PIN diode uses heavily doped p and n materials.
The effective/width of depletion layer increases by the width of i layer. It can be used as a voltage controlled attenuator.
At high frequencies the rectification effect ceases and impedance of diode is effectively that of i layer.
This impedance varies with the applied bias. It is used in high frequency switching circuits, limiters, modulators etc.
Reason (R): The frequency of oscillation of a backward wave oscillator can be changed by varying the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.
Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.
It operates on the principle of positive feed back.
The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to resonator cavity.
This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:
1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W
3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %
Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for microwave measurements in laboratories etc.
Input impedance =. If ZL = Z0 the input impedance = Z0.
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