Assertion (A): The velocity factor of a line is the ratio of wave velocity on the line to speed of light.

Reason (R): If the conductors of a line are immersed in a non magnetic insulating liquid, the wave velocity increases.

A PIN diode has an intrinsic (i) layer between p and n layers. When reverse bias is applied depletion layers are formed at p-i and i-n junctions.

The effective/width of depletion layer increases by the width of i layer. It can be used as a voltage controlled attenuator.

At high frequencies the rectification effect ceases and impedance of diode is effectively that of i layer.

This impedance varies with the applied bias. It is used in high frequency switching circuits, limiters, modulators etc.

It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.

It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF wave is different than in TWT.

The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.

The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.

Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam current.

It features are:

1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.

2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).

It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.

It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.

Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.

It operates on the principle of positive feed back.

The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to resonator cavity.

This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:

1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz

2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W

3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %

Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for microwave measurements in laboratories etc.

All the three can be used for impedance matching in high frequency circuits.

A line of length is called quarter wavelength line. Such a line is used for impedance matching.

If

A quarter wave line can match a source impedance Z_in with load impedance Z_L by selecting a proper value of Z₀ so as to satisfy equation.

Such a line is also called transformer.

Since R_L < Z₀, r_v is negative.

Cathode is the first part and anode is the last.

If Z_L is load impedance and Z₀ is characteristic impedance.

Input impedance =. If Z_L = Z₀ the input impedance = Z₀.