An homogeneous dielectric material is subjected to an electric field E. If a small cavity is made inside the material, the electric field intensity inside and outside the cavity are different.

Z = R² + X_C² = 50

V = 550 sin(20000 t - 45°)

V = 252 sin(20000 t - 45°)

Chemical properties are governed by valence electrons only.

The firing angle controls the period of conduction and hence average load current.

Maximum data rate for noiseless channel is given by Nyquist Theorem

= 2H log₂ V bits/sec

V - discrete levels (Here Binary i.e. 2)

H - Bandwidth

? Maximum data rate = 2H log₂ V

= 2(3 KHz) log₂ 2 = 2 x 3 x 10³ x 1

= 6 x 10³ = 6000 bps.