4. Under a concentrated load, bearing stress fb in a beam, is given by (where b is the length of the bearing plate and h is the depth of the root of the fillet).
5. The economical depth d of a web plate in which allowable bearing stress is fb, and the maximum bending moment is M, as suggested by Rawater and Clark, is
6. A column is carrying an axial load W and an eccentric load P. If A is its cross-sectional area, ex and ey are the eccentricities and Pxx and Zyy the section modulli, the equivalent axial load is obtained from the formula,
9. If d is the diameter of column, D is the side of square base, W is total axial load and p is the allowable bending stress, the thickness (t) of the base plate, is