Conclusions:
So, both of them hold.
All fruits are books. All books are buses.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All fruits are buses'. Thus, IV follows.
All jungles are buses. All books are buses.
Since the middle term 'buses' is not distributed ever once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
All fruits are buses. All books are buses.
As discussed above, no definite conclusion can be drawn.
All jungles are buses. All fruits are buses.
Again, no definite conclusion follows.
Conclusions:
Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows.
No fruit is window. All windows are chairs.
Since the middle term 'windows' is distributed twice and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be particular negative. So, it follows that 'Some chairs are not fruits'.
Conclusions:
Conclusions:
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some papers are bats'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All cats are bats. No bat is horse.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No cat is horse'. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
Some papers are bats. No bat is horse.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some papers are not horses'.
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