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- Question
Statements: All buildings are windows. No toys is building. Some tigers are toys.
Conclusions:
- Some tigers are buildings.
- Some windows are tigers.
- All toys are tigers.
- Some windows are toys.
Options- A. None follows
- B. Only I and II follow
- C. Only III and IV follow
- D. Only I and III follow
- E. All follow
- Correct Answer
- None follows
ExplanationNo toy is building. All buildings are windows.Since the middle term 'buildings' is distributed twice and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term.
So, it follows that 'Some windows are not toys'.
Some tigers are toys. No toy is building.
Since one premise is particular and the other premise is negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some tigers are not buildings'.
Logical Deduction problems
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- 1. Statements: No man is sky. No sky is road. Some men are roads.
Conclusions:
- No road is man.
- No road is sky.
- Some skies are men.
- All roads are men.
Options- A. None follows
- B. Only I follows
- C. Only II and III follow
- D. Only I and III follow
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: None of these
Explanation:
II is the converse of the second premise and so it holds.No man is sky. No sky is road.
Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows.
No man is sky. Some men are roads.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some roads are not skies'.
No sky is road. Some men are roads.
As discussed above, it follows that 'Some men are not skies'.
Hence, only II follows.
- 2. Statements: No paper is pen. No pen is pencil. All erasers are papers.
Conclusions:
- Some papers are erasers.
- No pencil is eraser.
- No pen is eraser.
- All papers are erasers.
Options- A. Only I and II follow
- B. Only II and III follow
- C. Only I, II and III follow
- D. All follow
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: None of these
Explanation:
I is the converse of the third premise and so it holds.No paper is pen. No pen is pencil.
Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows.
All erasers are papers. No paper is pen.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No eraser is pen'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
Hence, only I and III follow.
- 3. Statements: All myths are fictions. No fiction is novel. All novels are stories.
Conclusions:
- No myth is novel.
- Some fictions are novels.
- Some fictions are myths.
- Some myths are novels.
Options- A. Only either I or II and both III and IV follow
- B. Only either I or IV and II follow
- C. Only either I or IV and both II and III follow
- D. All follow
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: None of these
Explanation:
III is the converse of first premise and so it holds.All myths are fictions. No fiction is novel.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No myth is novel'. Thus, I follows.
No fiction is novel. All novels are stories.
Since the middle term 'novels' is distributed twice in the premises, the conclusion must be particular. Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.
So, it follows that 'Some stories are not fictions'.
Hence, only I and III follow.
- 4. Statements: All rods are bricks. Some bricks are ropes. All ropes are doors.
Conclusions:
- Some rods are doors.
- Some doors are bricks.
- Some rods are not doors.
- All doors are ropes.
Options- A. Only I and II follow
- B. Only I, II and III follow
- C. Only either I or III, and II follow
- D. Only either I or III, and IV follow
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: None of these
Explanation:
All rods are bricks. Some bricks are ropes.Since the middle term 'bricks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
Some bricks are ropes. All ropes are doors.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some bricks are doors'. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All rods are bricks. Some bricks are doors.
Since the middle term 'bricks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
However, I and III involve the extreme terms. But, since they are not contradictory, they do not form a complementary pair.
Hence, only II follows.
- 5. Statements: Some pearls are stones. Some stones are diamonds. No diamond is a gem.
Conclusions:
- Some gems are pearls.
- Some gems are diamonds.
- No gem is a diamond.
- No gem is a pearl.
Options- A. Only I and II follow
- B. Only III and IV follow
- C. Only either I or IV and either II or III follow
- D. Only III and either I or IV follow
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: Only III and either I or IV follow
Explanation:
III is the converse of the third premise and so it holds.Some pearls are stones. Some stones are diamonds.
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.
Some stones are diamonds. No diamond is a gem.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some stones are not gems'.
However, I and IV involve the extreme terms of the three premises and form a complementary pair, Thus, either I or IV follows.
- 6. Statements: Some papers are cats. All cats are bats. No bat is horse.
Conclusions:
- Some papers are horses.
- No horse is cat.
- Some bats are papers.
- All papers are bats.
Options- A. Only I and II follow
- B. Only II and III follow
- C. Only III and IV follow
- D. Only I and IV follow
- E. All follow Discuss
Correct Answer: Only II and III follow
Explanation:
Some papers are cats. All cats are bats.Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some papers are bats'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All cats are bats. No bat is horse.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No cat is horse'. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
Some papers are bats. No bat is horse.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some papers are not horses'.
- 7. Statements: Some tapes are discs. Some discs are cassettes. Some cassettes are songs.
Conclusions:
- Some songs are discs.
- Some cassettes are tapes.
- Some songs are tapes.
- No song is a disc.
Options- A. Only either I or IV follows
- B. Only either II or IV follows
- C. Only III and IV follow
- D. Only III and either II or IV follows
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: Only either I or IV follows
Explanation:
Since each combination of premises shall contain two particular premises, no definite conclusion can be drawn. However, I and IV involve the extreme terms of the second and third premises and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or IV follows.- 8. Statements: No table is fruit. No fruit is window. All windows are chairs.
Conclusions:
- No window is table.
- No chair is fruit.
- No chair is table.
- All chairs are windows.
Options- A. None follows
- B. Only I and II follow
- C. Only III and IV follow
- D. All follow
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: None follows
Explanation:
No table is fruit. No fruit is window.Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows.
No fruit is window. All windows are chairs.
Since the middle term 'windows' is distributed twice and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be particular negative. So, it follows that 'Some chairs are not fruits'.
- 9. Statements: All jungles are buses. All books are buses. All fruits are books.
Conclusions:
- Some fruits are jungles.
- Some buses are books.
- Some buses are jungles.
- All fruits are buses.
Options- A. Only I, II and III follow
- B. Only I, II and IV follow
- C. Only II, III and IV follow
- D. All follow
- E. None of these Discuss
Correct Answer: Only II, III and IV follow
Explanation:
III is the converse of the first premise and II is the converse of the second premise.So, both of them hold.
All fruits are books. All books are buses.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All fruits are buses'. Thus, IV follows.
All jungles are buses. All books are buses.
Since the middle term 'buses' is not distributed ever once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
All fruits are buses. All books are buses.
As discussed above, no definite conclusion can be drawn.
All jungles are buses. All fruits are buses.
Again, no definite conclusion follows.
- 10. Look carefully at the sequence of symbols to find the pattern. Select correct pattern:
Options- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4 Discuss
Correct Answer: 3
Explanation:
This is an alternating series. In the first segment, the letter "E" faces right, then down, then right. In the second segment, the letters all face down. To follow this pattern, in the fourth segment, the letters must all face up.
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- 1. Statements: No man is sky. No sky is road. Some men are roads.