What are the decimal and hexadecimal equivalents for the binary number 10110111?

An Ethernet frame has source and destination MAC addresses, an Ether-Type field to identify the Network layer protocol, the data, and the FCS field that holds the answer to the CRC.

Once transmitting stations on an Ethernet segment hear a collision, they send an extended jam signal to ensure that all stations recognize the collision. After the jamming is complete, each sender waits a predetermined amount of time, plus a random time. After both timers expire, they are free to transmit, but they must make sure the media is clear before transmitting and that they all have equal priority.

The Transport layer receives large data streams from the upper layers and breaks these up into smaller pieces called segments.

The main advantage of a layered model is that it can allow application developers to change aspects of a program in just one layer of the layer model's specifications.

Advantages of using the OSI layered model include, but are not limited to, the following:

It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus aiding compo- nent development, design, and troubleshooting;

it allows multiple-vendor development through standardization of network components;

it encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model;

it allows various types of network hardware and software to communicate;

To connect to a router or switch console port, you would use an RJ45 UTP rolled cable.

To connect two switches together, you would use a RJ45 UTP crossover cable.

A reliable Transport layer connection uses acknowledgments to make sure all data is transmitted and received reliably. A reliable connection is defined by a virtual circuit that uses acknowledgments, sequencing, and flow control, which are characteristics of the Transport layer (layer 4).

Hubs cannot run full-duplex Ethernet. Full duplex must be used on a point-to-point connection between two devices capable of running full duplex. Switches and hosts can run full duplex between each other, but a hub can never run full duplex.

The mask 255.255.254.0 (/23) used with a Class A address means that there are 15 subnet bits and 9 host bits. The block size in the third octet is 2 (256 - 254). So this makes the subnets in the interesting octet 0, 2, 4, 6, etc., all the way to 254. The host 10.16.3.65 is in the 2.0 subnet. The next subnet is 4.0, so the broadcast address for the 2.0 subnet is 3.255. The valid host addresses are 2.1 through 3.254.

A /28 is a 255.255.255.240 mask. Let's count to the ninth subnet (we need to find the broadcast address of the eighth subnet, so we need to count to the ninth subnet). Starting at 16 (remember, the question stated that we will not use subnet zero, so we start at 16, not 0), 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144. The eighth subnet is 128 and the next subnet is 144, so our broadcast address of the 128 subnet is 143. This makes the host range 129-142. 142 is the last valid host.