For the given figure C(s)/R(s)

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Arbitrary inputs require large bandwidth.

Frequency is plotted on log scale and magnitude is taken in dB.

If R_L is not infinite, the voltage ratio of potentiometer depends on the value of R_L. This is called loading effect.

Join j₁ point with the zero and poles. Find magnitude and phase angles of all these lines.

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R = X_C, voltage drops across R and X_C are equal and at 90° with respect by each other. V₀ lags V_i by 45°.

since ? = 1, ?_n = 3.5 Hence 2 + 2k = 3.5² = 12.25 or K = 5.125 .

Since there are two sign changes in the first column, hence two roots in right half plane.

. For the three systems the values of ??_n are 1.8, 2.5 and 2 respectively.

Hence values of T are 0.55, 0.4 and 0.5 respectively.