For type 2 system, the magnitude and phase angle of the term (j?)² in the denominator, at ? = 0, are respectively

Poles on j x-axis lead to oscillations.

The standard form of characteristic equation is .

Therefore .

In a two phase servomotor ? < 1 so that torque speed curve is almost linear.

See transfer function in the equation , ? > 1

where t₁ = R₁C₁, t₂ = R₂C₂ and t > 1.

Transfer function = (G₁ + 1) G₂ + 1 = G₁ G₂ + G₂ + 1.

To measure pressure, it is convenient to convert pressure into displacement and then use a displacement transducer.

The zero at - 1 gives the term (s + 1) in the numerator.

The poles at (- 2 + j1) and (- 2 - j1) give (s² + 4s + 5) term is the denominator. Gain is 2.

Voltage across capacitor lags by 90°.

Error is squared and integrated.

For term the slope is -20 dB/decade or -6 dB/octave because - 20 log 2 = -6 dB.