8. To keep the intensity of bearing pressure between the column base and concrete compressive and to vary from zero to , the ratio of the moment M to the axial load P should be
10. In a tension member if b is width of plate, t is thickness of plate, p is staggered pitch, g is gauge distance, n is number of rivet holes in zig-zag line, n is number of gauge spaces, d is gross diameter of rivets, then the net sectional area Anet of the plate, is