Clearly, argument I is vague because at present too, many fields are open to all after graduation. However, eliminating the post-graduate courses would abolish higher and specialized studies which lead to understanding things better and deeply. So, argument II is valid.
2. Statement: Should Indian scientists working abroad be called back to India?
Arguments:
Yes. They must serve the motherland first and forget about discoveries, honours, facilities and all.
No. We have enough talent; let them stay where they want.
Clearly, every person must be free to work wherever he wants and no compulsion should be made to confine one to one's own country. So, argument I is vague. However, talented scientists can be of great benefit to the nation and some alternatives as special incentives or better prospects may be made available to them to retain them within their motherland. So, argument II also does not hold.
3. Statement: Should all the annual examinations up to Std. V be abolished?
Arguments:
Yes. The young students should not be burdened with such examinations which hampers their natural growth.
No. The students will not study seriously as they will get automatic promotion to the next class and this will affect them in future.
Clearly, neither the students can be burdened with studies at such a tender age, nor can they be left free to take studies casually, as this shall weaken their basic foundation. So, both the arguments follow.
4. Statement: Should young entrepreneurs be encouraged?
Arguments:
Yes. They will help in industrial development of the country.
Yes. They will reduce the burden on employment market.
Clearly, encouraging the young entrepreneurs will open up the field for the establishment of new industries. Thus, it shall help in industrial development and not only employ the entrepreneurs but create more job opportunities for others as well. So, both the arguments hold strong.
5. Statement: Should cottage industries be encouraged in rural areas?
Arguments:
Yes. Rural people are creative.
Yes. This would help to solve the problem of unemployment to some extent.
Clearly, cottage industries need to be promoted to create more job opportunities for rural people in the villages themselves. The reason that rural people are creative is vague. So, only argument II holds.
6. Statement: Should new big industries be started in Mumbai?
Arguments:
Yes. It will create job opportunities.
No. It will further add to the pollution of the city.
Opening up of new industries is advantageous in opening more employment avenues, and disadvantageous in that it adds to the pollution. So, either of the arguments holds strong.
7. Statement: Should high chimneys be installed in industries?
Before indulging in new development programme it is much necessary to plan the exact target, policies and their implementation and the allocation of funds which shows the right direction to work. So, argument I holds strong. Also, planning ensures full utilization of available resources and funds and stepwise approach towards the target. So, spending a part of money on it is no wastage. Thus, argument II is not valid.
9. Statement: Should articles of only deserving authors be allowed to be published?
Arguments:
Yes. It will save a lot of paper which is in short supply.
No. It is not possible to draw a line between the deserving and the undeserving.
Clearly, I does not provide a strong reason in support of the statement. Also, it is not possible to analyze the really deserving and not deserving. So/argument II holds strong.
10. Statement: Should colleges be given the status of a university in India?
Arguments:
Yes. Colleges are in a better position to assess the student's performance and therefore the degrees will be more valid.
No. It is Utopian to think that there will not be nepotism and corruption in awarding degrees by colleges.
Clearly, at the college level, all the students are assessed according to their performance in the University Exams and not on the basis of any criteria of a more intimate dealings with the students. So, argument I is vague. Also, at this level the awarding of degrees is impartial and simply based on his performance. So, argument II also does not hold.