Since the middle term 'chalks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the first premise and so it holds.
2. Statements: All educated people read newspapers. Rahul does not read newspaper.
Conclusions:
Rahul is not educated.
Reading newspaper is not essential to be educated.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, only I follows.
3. Statements: Some men are educated. Educated persons prefer small families.
Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of second premise, while II is the converse of the first premise. So, both of them hold.
5. Statements: All birds are tall. Some tall are hens.
Since the middle term 'tall' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the second premise and so it holds.
6. Statements: Some engineers are fools. Anand is an engineer.
Since the middle term 'engineer' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of the first premise and thus it holds.
7. Statements: All windows are doors. No door is wall.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative. Also, the conclusion should not contain the middle term. So, I follows. However, II is the converse of the second premise and thus it also holds,
8. Statements: Most teachers are boys. Some boys are students.
As discussed above, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some books are not pencils'. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or II follows.