Statements: Some papers are pens. Some pencils are pens.
Conclusions:
Some pens are pencils.
Some pens are papers.
Options
A. Only conclusion I follows
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow
Correct Answer
Both I and II follow
Explanation
Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of second premise, while II is the converse of the first premise. So, both of them hold.
Logical Deduction problems
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1. Statements: All birds are tall. Some tall are hens.
Since the middle term 'tall' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the second premise and so it holds.
2. Statements: Some papers are pens. Angle is a paper.
Since the middle term 'papers' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or II follows.
3. Statements: Many scooters are trucks. All trucks are trains.
Since the middle term 'tigers' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. So, either I or II follows.
6. Statements: Some men are educated. Educated persons prefer small families.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, only I follows.
8. Statements: All pens are chalks. All chairs are chalks.
Since the middle term 'chalks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the first premise and so it holds.
9. Statements: Bureaucrats marry only intelligent girls. Tanya is very intelligent.
Since the middle term 'engineer' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of the first premise and thus it holds.