The right to protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20) and the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21) remain enforceable even during emergency.
The Inter-State Council was set up in 1990 following the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.The constitutional roots of the council are to be found in Article 263, which recommends that the President of India set up such a council to deal with federal issues.
Article 19 (1) (c) of the Constitution guarantees to all citizens the right ?to form associations and unions.? Under clause (4) of Article 19, however, the State may by law impose reasonable restrictions on this right in the interest of public order, morality or sovereignty and integrity of India.As per the Article 19 of the Constitution, the right to form associations and unions is a fundamental right guaranteed only to citizens.
All the reports of the Commission are presented to the President, who in turn sends them to the both the houses of the Parliament.
The High Courts has similar power under the Article 226 of the Constitution. The high courts can also issue writs to protect the Fundamental Rights of the people.
Protective arrangements: Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc.A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Casteand Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc. Despite legislation, social discrimination and atrocities against the backward castes continued topersist
Provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947. There were six primary provisions in the ?Indian Independence Act? 1947.
3 is incorrect.
The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall not exceed one-third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly of that State: Provided that the total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State shall in no case be less than forty.
Of the total number of members of the Legislative council of a State-
(a) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by electorates consisting of members of municipalities, district boards and such other local authorities in the State as Parliament may by law specify;
(b) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of persons residing in the State who have been for at least three years graduates of any university in the territory of India or have been for at least three years in possession ofqualifications prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament as equivalent to that of a graduate of any such university;
(c) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of persons who have been for at least three years engaged in teaching in such educational institutions within the State, not lower in standard than that of a secondary school, as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament;
(d) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly of the State from amongst persons who are not members of the Assembly;
(e) the remainder shall be nominated by the Governor in accordance with the provisions of clause.
There are only seven states which have two-tier of legislature ?Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Jammu & Kashmir.
The act provides for a five-year term of office to the panchayat at every level. However, it can be dissolved before the completion of its term.the state legislature shall provide for the reservation of offices of chairperson in the panchayat at the village or any other level for the SCs and STs. The state legislature may make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.
Article 323A provides that Parliament may by law establish tribunals for adjudication of disputes concerning recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public service under Central, State or any Local or other authority or a corporation owned or controlled by the Government of India. The law made by Parliament for the purpose may specify the jurisdiction and procedure of the tribunals. Under clause 2(d), the law may exclude the jurisdiction of all courts except that of the Supreme Court under article 136 with respect to the service matters falling within the purview of the tribunals.
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