Habeas Corpus: a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.
Protection under Article 32 applies only to the fundamental rights as provided by the Constitution.
The classical economists believed in the existence of full employment in the economy. To them, full employment was a normal situation and any deviation from this regarded as something abnormal. According to Pigou, the tendency of the economic system is to automatically provide full employment in the labour market when the demand and supply of labour are equal.
Article-20 of the Constitutiongrants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. It contains three provisions in that direction No Ex-post-facto Law No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act nor subjected to a penalty greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time ofthe commission of the Act.No Double Jeopardy No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.No Self-incrimination No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.As per the Constitution, a person/entity can be tried retrospectively in certain instances as provided by the law
The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz. renunciation, termination and deprivation:
1. By Renunciation: Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make adeclaration renouncing his Indian citizenship.
2. By Termination: When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country.
3. By Deprivation:It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if:
?the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud:?the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India:
?the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war;
?the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and
?the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously
Fundamental Rights available to only citizens and not foreigners
?Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15).
?Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).
?Six basic freedoms subject to reasonable restrictions (Article 19).
?Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29).
?Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).
The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, replaced the phrase ?internal disturbance? with the ?armed rebellion? to avoid its misuse by the government in power.
The Supreme Court has struck down the words ?adult male? from the pertinent provision in the DV Act to lay down that a woman can also file a complaint against another woman, accusing her of domestic violence.
The cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) on 27th January, 2005 had approved the constitution of a National Investment Fund (NIF). The Purpose of the fund was to receive disinvestment proceeds of central public sector enterprises and to invest the same to generate earnings without depleting the corpus.
National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) is a fund created by the Government of India for enhancing infrastructure financing in the country.
This is different from the National Investment Fund.Its creation was announced in the Union Budget 2015-16. The operational framework was approved on 20 August 2015.NIIF got registered with SEBI as Category II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) on December 28, 2015
Protective arrangements: Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc.A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Casteand Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc. Despite legislation, social discrimination and atrocities against the backward castes continued topersist
The High Courts has similar power under the Article 226 of the Constitution. The high courts can also issue writs to protect the Fundamental Rights of the people.
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