India has said it aims to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030 from 2005 levels and achieve 40% of its cumulative electric power of around 350GW installed capacity from non-fossil fuelbased energy resources, mainly renewable power. The statement comes ahead of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to be held in Paris in December 2015, where countries would try to forge a new global climate agreement based on ?climate justice" and principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
Most electric, gas, and water companies are examples of natural monopolies. Utilities like water, electricity and gas are essential services that play a vital role in economic and social development.
Cost variance is nothing but the difference between the actual incurred cost and the estimated standard cost. This can be occured due to any changes in the volume of goods or services ordered.
A favorable cost variance occurs when the actual incurred cost is less than the standard cost estimated before the production.
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