All of the genetic information in a cell was initially thought to be confined to the DNA in the chromosomes of the cell nucleus.
It is now known that small circular chromosomes, called extranuclear, or cytoplasmic, DNA, are located in two types of organelles found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
These organelles are the mitochondria in animal and plant cells and the chloroplasts in plant cells.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) contains genes that are involved with aspects of photosynthesis and with components of the special protein-synthesizing apparatus that is active within the organelle.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains some of the genes that participate in the conversion of the energy of chemical bonds into the energy currency of the cell?a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?as well as genes for mitochondrial protein synthesis.
The main component of bones and teeth is Calcium Phosphate.
The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth is Fetal period.
The process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages. The first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage, the third through the eighth week are known as the embryonic period, and the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period.
We know that, proteins are polymers of amino acids. So, plants are also used to synthesise protein from amino acids. Hence, plants synthesis protein from amino acids in the presence of ATP by specific synthetases.
Nutrients are the substances in food that provide the raw materials and energy the body needs to carry out all its essential processes.
There are six groups of nutrients:
1. Carbohydrates.
2. Fats.
3. Proteins.
4. Vitamins.
5. Minerals.
6. Water.
Chloroplasts are organelles in plant and bacteria cells that contain the chlorophyll is responsible for photosynthesis.
Plants developing in dry conditions are called as xerophytes.
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