An ionic bond is formed between two molecules when transfer of valency electrons take place between them.
Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability.
Examples of compounds with covalent bonds ::
HCl, CO2, O2,...
Water can moderate temperature because of the two properties: high-specific heat and the high heat of vaporization.
Hence, all the above given options are not the properties of water.
Here all the given options are Exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions are those reactions which involves the release of heat.
Generally all the combining reactions are exothermic in nature.
The process which involves absorption of heat is endothermic.
Here given all the options are involving in absorption of heat. Hence, all the above are endithermic.
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