Hardness can be removed by adding sodium carbonate (washing soda) or by passing the water through an ion-exchange column.
Hardness in water is caused by dissolved magnesium ions and calcium ions. These can get into the water when it comes into contact with limestone and other rocks that contain calcium compounds. This can happen, for example, when rainwater flows over these rocks on its way to a reservoir.
Hardness in water is of two types. They are :
1. Temporary hardness
2. Permanent hardness
1. Temporary hardness:: Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate.
2. Permanent hardness:: Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved calcium sulfate. Unlike temporary hardness, it is not removed by boiling the water.
Vapour of carbon tetra chloride is non-inflammable and is heavier than air. Hence it is used as a fire extinguisher under the trade name of pyrene.
We will rewrite the formula as an equation.
2K + 2Cr + 7O = 0
The zero comes from there being no overall charge on the compound.
Each oxidation number is represented by the element's symbol.
Since this compound is not a peroxide or superoxide, the oxidation value for O is -2
K being in group 1 has a +1 charge and therefore has an oxidation number of K is +1
Now, by putting known values in we have:
2(+1) + 2(Cr) + 7(-2) = 0
2 + 2Cr -14 = 0
2Cr = +12
Cr = +6.
In ,
Hydrogen has a charge of +2, with each hydrogen has +1.
Oxygen has a charge of -8, with each oxugen has -2.
Total charge = (2 - 8) = -6
Therefore, the Oxidation number of Sulphur S is '+6' because to make the compound stable.
Nitrogen ( ) forms Three Covalent Bonds to become stable.
Here the Atmomic Number of Nitrogen is 7. Because there are 2 electrons in the first orbital and 5 in the second and you still have space for 3 more. So it shares, 3 to get the stable octet. Therefore, there are 3 covalent bonds in .
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